50 major world religions
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Writer AndyKim
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Date 25-02-05 13:19
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Below is an in‐depth overview of 50 major world religions and spiritual traditions. For each, you’ll find a brief description of its core doctrines or teachings as well as information about its geographical origins or primary areas of influence. Please note that religious traditions can be complex and fluid, with many overlapping beliefs and regional variations. The following list is meant to serve as a broad introduction to a diverse spectrum of spiritual paths.
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1. **Christianity**
- **Core Doctrines:** Christianity centers on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Core beliefs include the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), salvation through grace and faith, and the authority of the Bible.
- **Geographical Location:** Originating in the Levant (modern-day Israel/Palestine), Christianity is now a global religion with large populations in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia.
2. **Islam**
- **Core Doctrines:** Islam is a monotheistic faith based on the revelations received by Prophet Muhammad, compiled in the Quran. Its central practices include the Five Pillars (faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage).
- **Geographical Location:** Originating in the Arabian Peninsula (7th-century Mecca and Medina), Islam has spread widely, with large communities in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
3. **Hinduism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Hinduism is a complex, pluralistic tradition characterized by a wide array of beliefs, including the concepts of dharma (duty/ethics), samsara (rebirth), karma (action and consequence), and moksha (liberation). It is also known for its rich mythology and devotion to various deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly practiced in India and Nepal, with communities found worldwide.
4. **Buddhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to overcome suffering (dukkha) and attain enlightenment (nirvana). It emphasizes mindfulness, ethical conduct, and meditation.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India and spread throughout East and Southeast Asia (notably in Tibet, China, Japan, Thailand, and Myanmar).
5. **Sikhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, stresses devotion to one formless, eternal God, equality, service to humanity, and justice. The Guru Granth Sahib is its central scripture.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the Punjab region of South Asia (modern-day India and Pakistan) and has a significant diaspora worldwide.
6. **Judaism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Judaism is a monotheistic religion founded on the covenant between God and the Hebrew people, with the Torah as its foundational text. It emphasizes law, tradition, and the importance of community and ethical conduct.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the ancient Near East (Israel) and has communities across the globe, particularly in Israel and the United States.
7. **Bahá'í Faith**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Bahá'í Faith teaches the unity of all religions and humanity, emphasizing progressive revelation, world peace, and the oneness of God. Its scriptures call for universal education, gender equality, and social justice.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in 19th-century Persia (modern-day Iran), its followers are now spread across nearly every country in the world.
8. **Jainism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Jainism teaches non-violence (ahimsa) as its highest principle, along with truth, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possessiveness. It emphasizes strict asceticism and the liberation of the soul through self-discipline.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in India, with small communities in other parts of South Asia and among the diaspora.
9. **Shinto**
- **Core Doctrines:** Shinto is the indigenous spirituality of Japan, characterized by the worship of kami (spirits associated with natural phenomena, ancestors, and sacred places). It emphasizes ritual purity, tradition, and a deep connection with nature.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced almost exclusively in Japan, though elements have influenced other East Asian cultures.
10. **Taoism (Daoism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Taoism centers on living in harmony with the Tao (the Way), a fundamental principle that underlies the universe. It teaches balance through the interplay of yin and yang, naturalness, simplicity, and humility.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in ancient China and remains influential in Chinese culture, as well as in various East Asian traditions.
11. **Confucianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** More a system of ethical and social philosophy than a religion in the conventional sense, Confucianism emphasizes proper behavior, social harmony, filial piety, and respect for tradition and hierarchy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in China and has had a lasting impact on the cultures of East Asia, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
12. **Zoroastrianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** One of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism teaches the dualistic battle between truth (asha) and falsehood (druj). It stresses individual responsibility, the importance of good deeds, and the eventual triumph of good.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran), with remaining communities primarily in India (Parsis) and Iran.
13. **Cao Dai**
- **Core Doctrines:** Cao Dai is a syncretic religion that blends elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam. It teaches the unity of all religions and the importance of achieving spiritual enlightenment through love and compassion.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in Vietnam in the early 20th century and predominantly practiced there.
14. **Tenrikyo**
- **Core Doctrines:** Tenrikyo emphasizes a joyous life through acts of charity, gratitude, and community service. It teaches that humans are responsible for their own spiritual development and that divine providence guides their lives.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Japan and has followers both in Japan and among international communities.
15. **Wicca**
- **Core Doctrines:** Wicca is a modern Pagan religion that celebrates the cycles of nature, reverence for a Goddess and a God, and the practice of ritual magic. Its ethical code is often summarized by the Wiccan Rede: “An it harm none, do what ye will.”
- **Geographical Location:** Emerged in the mid-20th century in the United Kingdom and is now practiced worldwide, especially in North America and Europe.
16. **Neo-Paganism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Encompassing a variety of modern revivals of pre-Christian polytheistic traditions (such as Druidry, Heathenry, and Reconstructionism), Neo-Paganism emphasizes a deep connection to nature, the worship of ancient deities, and the celebration of seasonal cycles.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Europe and North America, with growing communities around the world.
17. **Rastafarianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Rastafarianism is an Afrocentric spiritual movement that venerates Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia as a divine figure. It emphasizes social justice, repatriation, and a return to African roots, while also advocating for a natural, holistic lifestyle.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Jamaica during the 1930s, with communities in the Caribbean, Africa, and among the global diaspora.
18. **Scientology**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology teaches that humans are immortal spiritual beings (thetans) that have forgotten their true nature. Its practices involve auditing (a form of counseling) aimed at freeing individuals from negative influences and past traumas.
- **Geographical Location:** Established in the United States, Scientology has centers worldwide, particularly in North America and Europe.
19. **Eckankar**
- **Core Doctrines:** Eckankar focuses on personal spiritual experiences and the exploration of soul travel (spiritual journeys beyond the physical realm). Its teachings emphasize the importance of inner light and sound as pathways to divine knowledge.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the mid-20th century, it has a global following.
20. **Unitarian Universalism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Unitarian Universalism is a liberal religious movement that draws on various theological sources. It emphasizes individual freedom of belief, social justice, and a commitment to the inherent worth and dignity of every person.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly found in North America and Europe, with congregations around the world.
21. **Native American Religions**
- **Core Doctrines:** Indigenous spiritual traditions among Native American peoples are diverse but often share themes of reverence for nature, ancestor worship, and the importance of living in harmony with the land. Rituals, ceremonies, and oral traditions play central roles.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced among various Native American tribes throughout North, Central, and South America.
22. **African Traditional Religions**
- **Core Doctrines:** Encompassing a vast array of indigenous belief systems across the African continent, these religions typically emphasize the interconnectedness of all life, ancestor veneration, ritual practices, and the worship of local deities or spirits.
- **Geographical Location:** Found throughout Africa, with notable traditions in West, Central, East, and Southern Africa.
23. **Shamanism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Shamanism is not a single religion but a set of practices common to many indigenous cultures. It involves the belief in the ability of certain individuals (shamans) to mediate between the human world and the spirit realm, often through trance, ritual, and the use of sacred objects.
- **Geographical Location:** Widely practiced among indigenous peoples in Siberia, Central Asia, the Americas, and other parts of the world.
24. **Sufism (Islamic Mysticism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sufism represents the mystical dimension of Islam, emphasizing the inner, personal experience of God through practices such as meditation, chanting (dhikr), and poetry. Sufis seek to transcend the material world in pursuit of divine love and unity with God.
- **Geographical Location:** Sufi orders are found throughout the Islamic world, notably in the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa.
25. **Mandaeism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Mandaeism is a Gnostic and dualistic religion that reveres John the Baptist and emphasizes the purification of the soul through repeated ritual baptisms. Its teachings focus on the struggle between the forces of light and darkness.
- **Geographical Location:** Traditionally centered in southern Iraq and southwestern Iran, with small diaspora communities today.
26. **Yazidism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Yazidism is an ancient monotheistic faith with elements of pre-Islamic indigenous belief. It venerates Melek Taus (the Peacock Angel) and stresses the cyclical nature of the cosmos, along with strict ethical codes and ritual practices.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily practiced by the Yazidi people in northern Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria, Turkey, and the Caucasus region.
27. **Druze**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Druze faith is an esoteric monotheistic tradition that incorporates elements of Isma’ili Islam, Neoplatonism, and other philosophical ideas. It emphasizes the unity of God, the pursuit of wisdom, and the importance of living a life of moral integrity and secrecy regarding its deeper teachings.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, with diaspora communities in neighboring regions.
28. **Bábism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Bábism, which emerged in 19th-century Persia, is the precursor to the Bahá'í Faith. It centers on the teachings of the Báb, who proclaimed the coming of a new messenger of God, and calls for spiritual and social renewal.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Persia (modern-day Iran); today it is mostly studied as a historical movement.
29. **Modern Gnosticism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Drawing inspiration from ancient Gnostic texts, modern Gnostic movements emphasize personal, mystical knowledge (gnosis) over orthodox doctrine. They view the material world as flawed or illusory and seek to awaken the divine spark within each individual.
- **Geographical Location:** Though rooted in early Christian mysticism, modern Gnostic groups are found primarily in North America and Europe.
30. **Won Buddhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Won Buddhism is a modern reinterpretation of traditional Buddhist teachings that emphasizes personal enlightenment and social engagement. It encourages a practical approach to achieving inner peace, self-cultivation, and contributing to a harmonious society.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Korea in the early 20th century and has followers in Korea and worldwide.
31. **Falun Gong (Falun Dafa)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Falun Gong combines meditation, qigong exercises, and a moral philosophy centered on the principles of truthfulness, compassion, and forbearance. It teaches that spiritual development leads to improved physical and mental well-being.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in China in the early 1990s, it now has practitioners worldwide despite political challenges in its country of origin.
32. **Subud**
- **Core Doctrines:** Subud is a spiritual movement that emphasizes a personal, experiential connection with the divine through a practice known as “latihan,” a form of spontaneous, contemplative exercise believed to bring about inner transformation and self-knowledge.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Indonesia in the mid-20th century and now has international membership.
33. **Thelema**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by occultist Aleister Crowley, Thelema teaches the primacy of the individual will, encapsulated in the phrase “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.” It integrates elements of ceremonial magic, mysticism, and symbolic rituals.
- **Geographical Location:** Although its roots are in early 20th-century Europe, Thelemic groups exist globally, especially in Western countries.
34. **Anthroposophy**
- **Core Doctrines:** Developed by Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy is both a spiritual philosophy and a practical approach to education, agriculture, and the arts. It posits that human beings can attain spiritual insight through intellectual and meditative practices, bridging the material and spiritual worlds.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Europe and has a worldwide network of followers, with notable centers in Germany, the United States, and Australia.
35. **The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** This Christian restorationist movement teaches additional scriptures (such as the Book of Mormon) alongside the Bible and emphasizes the potential for human exaltation, family eternalism, and a structured, modern-day revelation through prophets.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the 19th century, it now has large communities in North America and expanding membership worldwide.
36. **Jehovah’s Witnesses**
- **Core Doctrines:** Jehovah’s Witnesses stress the imminent establishment of God’s Kingdom, a strict monotheism, and a non-trinitarian view of God. They are known for their distinctive evangelism and unique interpretations of biblical prophecy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the late 19th century and maintain active congregations across the globe.
37. **Seventh-day Adventism**
- **Core Doctrines:** This Protestant Christian denomination places particular emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (Advent) of Jesus Christ and observes Saturday (the seventh day) as the Sabbath. Its teachings also include a strong focus on health, education, and holistic living.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the mid-19th century and has a significant presence in North America, Africa, and parts of Asia.
38. **Christian Science**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Mary Baker Eddy, Christian Science teaches that the material world is an illusion and that spiritual healing can be achieved through prayer and an understanding of the true, divine nature of reality.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the late 19th century and maintains communities primarily in North America and parts of Europe.
39. **Unification Church (Moonies)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Sun Myung Moon, the Unification Church blends elements of Christianity with new revelations. It emphasizes the restoration of humanity’s original ideal of family and the creation of a unified world under God’s will.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in South Korea in the mid-20th century and has international branches, particularly in North America and Europe.
40. **Church of Satan**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Church of Satan, founded by Anton LaVey, is an atheistic organization that uses Satan as a symbol of individualism, self-indulgence, and personal empowerment. It emphasizes rational self-interest and the rejection of conventional moral codes.
- **Geographical Location:** Based in the United States, it attracts a global following among those interested in modern occult and counter-cultural ideas.
41. **Raëlism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Raëlism is a UFO religion that teaches that life on Earth was created by an extraterrestrial species called the Elohim. It emphasizes world peace, science, and the future establishment of an embassy for human–alien contact.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in France in the 1970s, Raëlism has adherents in various countries, particularly in Europe and North America.
42. **Ayyavazhi**
- **Core Doctrines:** Emerging as a distinct religious movement in South India, Ayyavazhi teaches the oneness of God, the struggle against evil, and the eventual triumph of righteousness. It is centered around the teachings and scriptures revealed by Ayya Vaikundar.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly practiced in the southern regions of India, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
43. **Bon**
- **Core Doctrines:** Bon is the indigenous spiritual tradition of Tibet that predates the arrival of Buddhism. It incorporates animistic practices, shamanistic rituals, and a unique cosmology, though over time it has absorbed many Buddhist elements while maintaining distinct practices and deities.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Tibet and among Tibetan communities in exile and neighboring regions.
44. **Soka Gakkai**
- **Core Doctrines:** A Japanese new religious movement rooted in Nichiren Buddhism, Soka Gakkai emphasizes the chanting of “Nam-myoho-renge-kyo” as a means to tap into one’s inner potential and create positive change in the world.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Japan and now has a substantial international presence, particularly in Asia, North America, and Europe.
45. **Osho (Rajneesh Movement)**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Osho movement is based on the teachings of the Indian mystic Osho, who advocated for meditation, mindfulness, and the celebration of life through a synthesis of Eastern mysticism and Western philosophy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India in the mid-20th century; the movement gained international prominence with centers in the United States and Europe.
46. **International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement, ISKCON is a branch of Gaudiya Vaishnavism that emphasizes devotional service to Krishna, the practice of bhakti (devotion), and the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the 1960s, ISKCON now has temples and communities worldwide, particularly in India, North America, and Europe.
47. **Sant Mat (Radha Soami Tradition)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sant Mat encompasses various spiritual movements that stress the importance of inner light, sound meditation, and a direct, personal experience of the divine. It teaches that the soul can ascend to higher spiritual realms through disciplined meditation and ethical living.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India and has spread primarily among South Asian diaspora communities as well as followers in Europe and North America.
48. **Native Australian Dreamtime Beliefs**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Dreamtime is a foundational concept in many Aboriginal Australian cultures, describing the time of creation when ancestral beings shaped the world. It encompasses rituals, totems, and a deep spiritual connection to the land and its stories.
- **Geographical Location:** Indigenous to Australia, with diverse expressions among Aboriginal communities across the continent.
49. **Inuit Religion**
- **Core Doctrines:** Traditional Inuit spirituality is rooted in animistic beliefs, with an emphasis on the interconnectedness of all living beings, the spirit world, and nature. Rituals, shamanistic practices, and storytelling are central to its expression.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced by the Inuit peoples in the Arctic regions of North America, Greenland, and parts of Russia.
50. **Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Rodnovery is a modern revival of pre-Christian Slavic religious traditions. It venerates nature, ancestral spirits, and a pantheon of deities connected to natural forces and cultural heritage. Its ethical system stresses community, ritual, and the preservation of indigenous customs.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Eastern Europe (notably in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and the Balkans), with small revivalist communities elsewhere.
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Each of these 50 traditions reflects unique worldviews and spiritual practices that have shaped cultures and communities over millennia. While the doctrines and practices vary widely, they all share a common pursuit of understanding the nature of existence and one’s place in the cosmos.
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1. **Christianity**
- **Core Doctrines:** Christianity centers on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Core beliefs include the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), salvation through grace and faith, and the authority of the Bible.
- **Geographical Location:** Originating in the Levant (modern-day Israel/Palestine), Christianity is now a global religion with large populations in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia.
2. **Islam**
- **Core Doctrines:** Islam is a monotheistic faith based on the revelations received by Prophet Muhammad, compiled in the Quran. Its central practices include the Five Pillars (faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage).
- **Geographical Location:** Originating in the Arabian Peninsula (7th-century Mecca and Medina), Islam has spread widely, with large communities in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
3. **Hinduism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Hinduism is a complex, pluralistic tradition characterized by a wide array of beliefs, including the concepts of dharma (duty/ethics), samsara (rebirth), karma (action and consequence), and moksha (liberation). It is also known for its rich mythology and devotion to various deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly practiced in India and Nepal, with communities found worldwide.
4. **Buddhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha), Buddhism teaches the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to overcome suffering (dukkha) and attain enlightenment (nirvana). It emphasizes mindfulness, ethical conduct, and meditation.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India and spread throughout East and Southeast Asia (notably in Tibet, China, Japan, Thailand, and Myanmar).
5. **Sikhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century, stresses devotion to one formless, eternal God, equality, service to humanity, and justice. The Guru Granth Sahib is its central scripture.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the Punjab region of South Asia (modern-day India and Pakistan) and has a significant diaspora worldwide.
6. **Judaism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Judaism is a monotheistic religion founded on the covenant between God and the Hebrew people, with the Torah as its foundational text. It emphasizes law, tradition, and the importance of community and ethical conduct.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the ancient Near East (Israel) and has communities across the globe, particularly in Israel and the United States.
7. **Bahá'í Faith**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Bahá'í Faith teaches the unity of all religions and humanity, emphasizing progressive revelation, world peace, and the oneness of God. Its scriptures call for universal education, gender equality, and social justice.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in 19th-century Persia (modern-day Iran), its followers are now spread across nearly every country in the world.
8. **Jainism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Jainism teaches non-violence (ahimsa) as its highest principle, along with truth, non-stealing, chastity, and non-possessiveness. It emphasizes strict asceticism and the liberation of the soul through self-discipline.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in India, with small communities in other parts of South Asia and among the diaspora.
9. **Shinto**
- **Core Doctrines:** Shinto is the indigenous spirituality of Japan, characterized by the worship of kami (spirits associated with natural phenomena, ancestors, and sacred places). It emphasizes ritual purity, tradition, and a deep connection with nature.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced almost exclusively in Japan, though elements have influenced other East Asian cultures.
10. **Taoism (Daoism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Taoism centers on living in harmony with the Tao (the Way), a fundamental principle that underlies the universe. It teaches balance through the interplay of yin and yang, naturalness, simplicity, and humility.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in ancient China and remains influential in Chinese culture, as well as in various East Asian traditions.
11. **Confucianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** More a system of ethical and social philosophy than a religion in the conventional sense, Confucianism emphasizes proper behavior, social harmony, filial piety, and respect for tradition and hierarchy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in China and has had a lasting impact on the cultures of East Asia, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.
12. **Zoroastrianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** One of the world’s oldest monotheistic religions, Zoroastrianism teaches the dualistic battle between truth (asha) and falsehood (druj). It stresses individual responsibility, the importance of good deeds, and the eventual triumph of good.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in ancient Persia (modern-day Iran), with remaining communities primarily in India (Parsis) and Iran.
13. **Cao Dai**
- **Core Doctrines:** Cao Dai is a syncretic religion that blends elements of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Islam. It teaches the unity of all religions and the importance of achieving spiritual enlightenment through love and compassion.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in Vietnam in the early 20th century and predominantly practiced there.
14. **Tenrikyo**
- **Core Doctrines:** Tenrikyo emphasizes a joyous life through acts of charity, gratitude, and community service. It teaches that humans are responsible for their own spiritual development and that divine providence guides their lives.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Japan and has followers both in Japan and among international communities.
15. **Wicca**
- **Core Doctrines:** Wicca is a modern Pagan religion that celebrates the cycles of nature, reverence for a Goddess and a God, and the practice of ritual magic. Its ethical code is often summarized by the Wiccan Rede: “An it harm none, do what ye will.”
- **Geographical Location:** Emerged in the mid-20th century in the United Kingdom and is now practiced worldwide, especially in North America and Europe.
16. **Neo-Paganism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Encompassing a variety of modern revivals of pre-Christian polytheistic traditions (such as Druidry, Heathenry, and Reconstructionism), Neo-Paganism emphasizes a deep connection to nature, the worship of ancient deities, and the celebration of seasonal cycles.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Europe and North America, with growing communities around the world.
17. **Rastafarianism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Rastafarianism is an Afrocentric spiritual movement that venerates Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia as a divine figure. It emphasizes social justice, repatriation, and a return to African roots, while also advocating for a natural, holistic lifestyle.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Jamaica during the 1930s, with communities in the Caribbean, Africa, and among the global diaspora.
18. **Scientology**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology teaches that humans are immortal spiritual beings (thetans) that have forgotten their true nature. Its practices involve auditing (a form of counseling) aimed at freeing individuals from negative influences and past traumas.
- **Geographical Location:** Established in the United States, Scientology has centers worldwide, particularly in North America and Europe.
19. **Eckankar**
- **Core Doctrines:** Eckankar focuses on personal spiritual experiences and the exploration of soul travel (spiritual journeys beyond the physical realm). Its teachings emphasize the importance of inner light and sound as pathways to divine knowledge.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the mid-20th century, it has a global following.
20. **Unitarian Universalism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Unitarian Universalism is a liberal religious movement that draws on various theological sources. It emphasizes individual freedom of belief, social justice, and a commitment to the inherent worth and dignity of every person.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly found in North America and Europe, with congregations around the world.
21. **Native American Religions**
- **Core Doctrines:** Indigenous spiritual traditions among Native American peoples are diverse but often share themes of reverence for nature, ancestor worship, and the importance of living in harmony with the land. Rituals, ceremonies, and oral traditions play central roles.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced among various Native American tribes throughout North, Central, and South America.
22. **African Traditional Religions**
- **Core Doctrines:** Encompassing a vast array of indigenous belief systems across the African continent, these religions typically emphasize the interconnectedness of all life, ancestor veneration, ritual practices, and the worship of local deities or spirits.
- **Geographical Location:** Found throughout Africa, with notable traditions in West, Central, East, and Southern Africa.
23. **Shamanism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Shamanism is not a single religion but a set of practices common to many indigenous cultures. It involves the belief in the ability of certain individuals (shamans) to mediate between the human world and the spirit realm, often through trance, ritual, and the use of sacred objects.
- **Geographical Location:** Widely practiced among indigenous peoples in Siberia, Central Asia, the Americas, and other parts of the world.
24. **Sufism (Islamic Mysticism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sufism represents the mystical dimension of Islam, emphasizing the inner, personal experience of God through practices such as meditation, chanting (dhikr), and poetry. Sufis seek to transcend the material world in pursuit of divine love and unity with God.
- **Geographical Location:** Sufi orders are found throughout the Islamic world, notably in the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa.
25. **Mandaeism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Mandaeism is a Gnostic and dualistic religion that reveres John the Baptist and emphasizes the purification of the soul through repeated ritual baptisms. Its teachings focus on the struggle between the forces of light and darkness.
- **Geographical Location:** Traditionally centered in southern Iraq and southwestern Iran, with small diaspora communities today.
26. **Yazidism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Yazidism is an ancient monotheistic faith with elements of pre-Islamic indigenous belief. It venerates Melek Taus (the Peacock Angel) and stresses the cyclical nature of the cosmos, along with strict ethical codes and ritual practices.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily practiced by the Yazidi people in northern Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria, Turkey, and the Caucasus region.
27. **Druze**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Druze faith is an esoteric monotheistic tradition that incorporates elements of Isma’ili Islam, Neoplatonism, and other philosophical ideas. It emphasizes the unity of God, the pursuit of wisdom, and the importance of living a life of moral integrity and secrecy regarding its deeper teachings.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, with diaspora communities in neighboring regions.
28. **Bábism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Bábism, which emerged in 19th-century Persia, is the precursor to the Bahá'í Faith. It centers on the teachings of the Báb, who proclaimed the coming of a new messenger of God, and calls for spiritual and social renewal.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Persia (modern-day Iran); today it is mostly studied as a historical movement.
29. **Modern Gnosticism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Drawing inspiration from ancient Gnostic texts, modern Gnostic movements emphasize personal, mystical knowledge (gnosis) over orthodox doctrine. They view the material world as flawed or illusory and seek to awaken the divine spark within each individual.
- **Geographical Location:** Though rooted in early Christian mysticism, modern Gnostic groups are found primarily in North America and Europe.
30. **Won Buddhism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Won Buddhism is a modern reinterpretation of traditional Buddhist teachings that emphasizes personal enlightenment and social engagement. It encourages a practical approach to achieving inner peace, self-cultivation, and contributing to a harmonious society.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Korea in the early 20th century and has followers in Korea and worldwide.
31. **Falun Gong (Falun Dafa)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Falun Gong combines meditation, qigong exercises, and a moral philosophy centered on the principles of truthfulness, compassion, and forbearance. It teaches that spiritual development leads to improved physical and mental well-being.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in China in the early 1990s, it now has practitioners worldwide despite political challenges in its country of origin.
32. **Subud**
- **Core Doctrines:** Subud is a spiritual movement that emphasizes a personal, experiential connection with the divine through a practice known as “latihan,” a form of spontaneous, contemplative exercise believed to bring about inner transformation and self-knowledge.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Indonesia in the mid-20th century and now has international membership.
33. **Thelema**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by occultist Aleister Crowley, Thelema teaches the primacy of the individual will, encapsulated in the phrase “Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law.” It integrates elements of ceremonial magic, mysticism, and symbolic rituals.
- **Geographical Location:** Although its roots are in early 20th-century Europe, Thelemic groups exist globally, especially in Western countries.
34. **Anthroposophy**
- **Core Doctrines:** Developed by Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy is both a spiritual philosophy and a practical approach to education, agriculture, and the arts. It posits that human beings can attain spiritual insight through intellectual and meditative practices, bridging the material and spiritual worlds.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Europe and has a worldwide network of followers, with notable centers in Germany, the United States, and Australia.
35. **The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)**
- **Core Doctrines:** This Christian restorationist movement teaches additional scriptures (such as the Book of Mormon) alongside the Bible and emphasizes the potential for human exaltation, family eternalism, and a structured, modern-day revelation through prophets.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the 19th century, it now has large communities in North America and expanding membership worldwide.
36. **Jehovah’s Witnesses**
- **Core Doctrines:** Jehovah’s Witnesses stress the imminent establishment of God’s Kingdom, a strict monotheism, and a non-trinitarian view of God. They are known for their distinctive evangelism and unique interpretations of biblical prophecy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the late 19th century and maintain active congregations across the globe.
37. **Seventh-day Adventism**
- **Core Doctrines:** This Protestant Christian denomination places particular emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (Advent) of Jesus Christ and observes Saturday (the seventh day) as the Sabbath. Its teachings also include a strong focus on health, education, and holistic living.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the mid-19th century and has a significant presence in North America, Africa, and parts of Asia.
38. **Christian Science**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Mary Baker Eddy, Christian Science teaches that the material world is an illusion and that spiritual healing can be achieved through prayer and an understanding of the true, divine nature of reality.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in the United States in the late 19th century and maintains communities primarily in North America and parts of Europe.
39. **Unification Church (Moonies)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Founded by Sun Myung Moon, the Unification Church blends elements of Christianity with new revelations. It emphasizes the restoration of humanity’s original ideal of family and the creation of a unified world under God’s will.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in South Korea in the mid-20th century and has international branches, particularly in North America and Europe.
40. **Church of Satan**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Church of Satan, founded by Anton LaVey, is an atheistic organization that uses Satan as a symbol of individualism, self-indulgence, and personal empowerment. It emphasizes rational self-interest and the rejection of conventional moral codes.
- **Geographical Location:** Based in the United States, it attracts a global following among those interested in modern occult and counter-cultural ideas.
41. **Raëlism**
- **Core Doctrines:** Raëlism is a UFO religion that teaches that life on Earth was created by an extraterrestrial species called the Elohim. It emphasizes world peace, science, and the future establishment of an embassy for human–alien contact.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in France in the 1970s, Raëlism has adherents in various countries, particularly in Europe and North America.
42. **Ayyavazhi**
- **Core Doctrines:** Emerging as a distinct religious movement in South India, Ayyavazhi teaches the oneness of God, the struggle against evil, and the eventual triumph of righteousness. It is centered around the teachings and scriptures revealed by Ayya Vaikundar.
- **Geographical Location:** Predominantly practiced in the southern regions of India, particularly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
43. **Bon**
- **Core Doctrines:** Bon is the indigenous spiritual tradition of Tibet that predates the arrival of Buddhism. It incorporates animistic practices, shamanistic rituals, and a unique cosmology, though over time it has absorbed many Buddhist elements while maintaining distinct practices and deities.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Tibet and among Tibetan communities in exile and neighboring regions.
44. **Soka Gakkai**
- **Core Doctrines:** A Japanese new religious movement rooted in Nichiren Buddhism, Soka Gakkai emphasizes the chanting of “Nam-myoho-renge-kyo” as a means to tap into one’s inner potential and create positive change in the world.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in Japan and now has a substantial international presence, particularly in Asia, North America, and Europe.
45. **Osho (Rajneesh Movement)**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Osho movement is based on the teachings of the Indian mystic Osho, who advocated for meditation, mindfulness, and the celebration of life through a synthesis of Eastern mysticism and Western philosophy.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India in the mid-20th century; the movement gained international prominence with centers in the United States and Europe.
46. **International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement, ISKCON is a branch of Gaudiya Vaishnavism that emphasizes devotional service to Krishna, the practice of bhakti (devotion), and the chanting of the Hare Krishna mantra.
- **Geographical Location:** Founded in the United States in the 1960s, ISKCON now has temples and communities worldwide, particularly in India, North America, and Europe.
47. **Sant Mat (Radha Soami Tradition)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Sant Mat encompasses various spiritual movements that stress the importance of inner light, sound meditation, and a direct, personal experience of the divine. It teaches that the soul can ascend to higher spiritual realms through disciplined meditation and ethical living.
- **Geographical Location:** Originated in India and has spread primarily among South Asian diaspora communities as well as followers in Europe and North America.
48. **Native Australian Dreamtime Beliefs**
- **Core Doctrines:** The Dreamtime is a foundational concept in many Aboriginal Australian cultures, describing the time of creation when ancestral beings shaped the world. It encompasses rituals, totems, and a deep spiritual connection to the land and its stories.
- **Geographical Location:** Indigenous to Australia, with diverse expressions among Aboriginal communities across the continent.
49. **Inuit Religion**
- **Core Doctrines:** Traditional Inuit spirituality is rooted in animistic beliefs, with an emphasis on the interconnectedness of all living beings, the spirit world, and nature. Rituals, shamanistic practices, and storytelling are central to its expression.
- **Geographical Location:** Practiced by the Inuit peoples in the Arctic regions of North America, Greenland, and parts of Russia.
50. **Slavic Native Faith (Rodnovery)**
- **Core Doctrines:** Rodnovery is a modern revival of pre-Christian Slavic religious traditions. It venerates nature, ancestral spirits, and a pantheon of deities connected to natural forces and cultural heritage. Its ethical system stresses community, ritual, and the preservation of indigenous customs.
- **Geographical Location:** Primarily found in Eastern Europe (notably in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and the Balkans), with small revivalist communities elsewhere.
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Each of these 50 traditions reflects unique worldviews and spiritual practices that have shaped cultures and communities over millennia. While the doctrines and practices vary widely, they all share a common pursuit of understanding the nature of existence and one’s place in the cosmos.